This biomolecules are often shortened to carbs, which serve as the body's primary source of energy. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with a general formula of Cx(H2O)y. Their structure can range from simple sugars to complex sugars as shown in the diagrams below. 

are fatty compounds essential for various bodily functions. They regulate the movement of substances in and out of your cells by forming part of your cell membranes. Additionally, lipids are involved in energy storage and transport, vitamin absorption, and hormone production [©].

Types of Lipids

• Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids with various alcohols and include triglycerides, which are composed of three fatty acid molecules attached to a glycerol backbone, serving as the primary form of stored energy in animals and plants, found in fats and oils. Waxes, another type of simple lipid, are esters of long-chain fatty acids with long-chain alcohols that provide protective coatings on plant leaves, fruits, and animal fur or feathers. 

• Complex lipids contain additional groups such as phosphates, carbohydrates, or proteins. Phospholipids, composed of two fatty acids, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group, are major components of cell membranes. Glycolipids, which have a carbohydrate attached, are important for cell recognition and interaction and are found in cell membranes, particularly in the brain and nervous tissue. Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids through the bloodstream, with types including low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), commonly referred to as "bad" and "good" cholesterol, respectively. 

were discovered in 1869 by Swiss biochemist Friedrich Miescher. Nucleic acids are long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, which is in turn attached to a phosphate group. They are naturally occurring chemical compound that are capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines). They are responsible for coding genetic traits by controlling the production of proteins. 

There are two types of nucleotides: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Deoxyribonucleic acid stores genetic information and directs the development of living organisms. It is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free- living organisms and most viruses. Ribonucleic acid, on the other hand, transfers the genetic information stored in the DNA and directs the synthesis of proteins. 

are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid. Essential for proper bodily function, proteins serve as the building blocks of structural components like skin and hair. Additionally, they play pivotal roles in the formation of enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies, among other vital substances. 

Types of Amino acids

9 Essential (Histidine (C6H9N3O2), Isoleucine (C6H13NO2), Leucine (C6H13NO2), Lysine (C6H14N2O2), Methionine (C5H11NO2S), Phenylalanine (C9H11NO2), Threonine (C4H9NO3), Tryptophan (C11H12N2O2), and Valine (C5H11NO2)

11 Nonessential amino acids (Glycine (C2H5NO2), Alanine (C3H7NO2), Proline (C5H9NO2), Serine (C3H7NO3), Tyrosine (C9H11NO3), Aspartic Acid (C4H7NO4), Glutamic Acid (C5H9NO4), Asparagine (C4H8N2O3), Glutamine (C5H10N2O3), Arginine (C6H14N4O2), and Cysteine (C3H7NO2S).

Protein Structure

Proteins are constructed through the condensation of amino acids, which form peptide bonds. The primary structure of a protein refers to the specific sequence of amino acids along its chain. Secondary structure arises from the angles of these peptide bonds, while tertiary structure results from the spatial folding of protein chains. Complex functional proteins can further assemble from multiple folded polypeptide molecules, forming their quaternary structure [©].